Definitions on the concept of nationalism

Definitions on the concept of nationalism Nationalism is a concept that is not easily defined. There are numerous definitions and forms of what is nationalism, and many of these definitions even overlap. However, there is no one definition that is more adequate than another. Keeping in mind that these definitions are constantly evolving, with thorough analysis and the juxtaposition of arguments set out by eight prominent scholars, a clearer definition of nationalism can be attained. To begin with, the most well know definition today is from Professor Anthony Smith. He states that nationalism is simply an ideological movement for attaining and maintaining autonomy, unity and identity for a population which some of its members deem to constitute an actual or potential nation (Smith, 2001). In this definition, Smith reveals what he believes the three main goals of nationalism are: autonomy, national unity, and national identity. Even Smiths profound definition has not been available for very long considering he was born in 1933. Although there is much argument on the definition of nationalism, Smith agrees that there is one main point of agreement and that is that the term nationalism is a modern phenomenon (Smith, 2001). Civic nationalism is basically defined as a group of people which have a certain loyalty to civic rights or laws and pledge to abide by these laws. Ethnic nationalism is basically a group that possesses a common culture, language, land, etc. It is more specific in terms of who can be in it (McGregor, 2010). Smith writes that every nationalism contains civic and ethnic elements in varying degrees and different forms. Sometimes civic and territorial elements predominate; at other times it is the ethnic and vernacular components that are emphasized (Smith, 2001). Smiths most popular argument features civic and ethnic types of nationalism as opposed to eastern and western types. Even more specifically, Smith makes the distinction between both civic and ethnic nationalisms. He also believes that Many modern nations are formed around pre-existing, and often pre-modern, ethnic cores (Smith, 2001). Smith is claiming that nations had pre-existing-origins prior to their new origins of their new nation. One of the most important arguments by critics is that the civic and ethnic viewpoint of nationalism collapses too much on the ethnic category (Shulman, 2002). Smiths definition seems to be the foundation for nationalism, although he ce rtainly was not the first to attempt to define it. Other scholars go in to more detail on certain elements of the definition, but most relate back to Smiths original definition. On the contrary to Anthony Smiths definition of nationalism pertaining to the civic and ethnic type, Hans Kohn has argued that the two main types of nationalism are eastern and western. His definition states, Nationalism is a state of mind, in which the supreme loyalty of the individual is felt to be due to the nation-state (Kohn, 1965). Kohns argument includes both eastern and western types of nationalism which refer to Eastern and Western Europe. Eastern nationalism conceived the nation as an organic community, united by culture, language and descent (McGregor 2010). This particular idea could possibly be related to Smiths ethnic type of nationalism. Western nationalism conceived the nation as a political and civic community, held together by voluntary adherence to democratic norms (McGregor 2010). Again, western nationalism could be perceived as a civic type of nationalism. This can be recognized as two similar classifications on two unfamiliar grounds. Kohn believes that national ism relates directly with eastern and western Europe and that it is also where the state of mind of nationalism originated. The main criticism of Kohns classification of nationalism is him being over simplistic. He certainly does not go into as much detail as Smith on the definition. He also relates only towards Europe which is why he is being identified as over simplistic. Next, Carlton J. H. Hayes definition of nationalism states, Loyalty and attachment to the interior of the group (namely the nation and homeland) are the basis of nationalism (Hayes, 1926). In this definition, a common cultural background and a common cultural group are considered the main factors in forming a nation (Naqvi, Ali). That remains true with most of the definitions of nationalism. Hayes definition of nationalism seems to be more specific to the ethnic ties toward nationalism. In other words, Hayes is saying that land, language, and blood are the basis of nationalism. He is saying that nation is something to be proud of (Naqvi, Ali). Hayes also believes that these ethnic qualities are the most important; even religion does not compare.   It is attachment to nationality that gives direction to ones individual and social postures, not attachment to religion and ideology. A human being takes pride in his national achievements and feels dependent on its cultural heritage, not on the history of religion and his faith (Hayes, 1926). This quote further proves Hayess view on nationalism and how it relates to ones culture and past, and specifically not related to religion at all. The reason Hayess definition is unique from others, is his emphasis on the fact that religion is not a factor in forming a nation. To further specify Hayess definition on nationalism he says, What distinguishes one human being from another are not their beliefs, but their birth-place, homeland, language and race. Those who are within the four walls of the homeland and nation, belong to it, and those who are outside it, are aliens. It is on the basis of these factors that the people have a feeling of sharing a single destiny and a common past. (Hayes, 1926). This quote goes hand in hand with Hayess definition of nationalism and just further explains it. According to Hayes, nationalism does not exist without that ethnic background. Furthermore, according to scholar Benedict Anderson, nationalism is, a new emerging nation imagines itself to be antique (Anderson, 2003). This is similar to how Anthony Smith and Carlton Hayes defined nationalism. It is mostly like Smiths ethnic nationalism, which focuses more on the origin of the nation. Anderson focuses more on modern Nationalism and suggests that it forms its attachment through language, especially through literature (Anderson, 2003). Of particular importance to Andersons theory is his stress on the role of printed literature (Anderson, 2003). In Andersons mind, the development of nationalism is linked with printed literature and the growth of these printed works. People were able to read about nationalism in a common dialect and that caused nationalism to mature (Anderson, 2003). Andersons definition of nationalism and nation differ greatly from other scholars. He defines nation as an imagined political community (Anderson 2003). He believes this because the nat ion is always conceived as a deep, horizontal comradeship. Ultimately it is this fraternity that makes it possible, over the past two centuries, for so many millions of people, not so much to kill, as willingly to die for such limited imaginings (Anderon, 2003). Not only is Andersons theory distinctive because of the printed literature theory, but also because it is the imagined political community. Another prominent Nationalist researcher, Ernest Gellner states that, nationalism is primarily a political principle that holds that the political and the national unit should be congruent (Gellner, 1983). Gellner was once a teacher of Anthony Smith. Although most scholars would agree that nationalism appeared after the French Revolution, Gellner further argues that nationalism became a sociological necessity in the modern world (Gellner, 1983). His argument is similar to the uniqueness of Benedict Andersons printed literature theory, but Gellner focuses more on the industrialization of work and cultural modernization to explain how nationalism expanded (Zeulow, 1999). Gellner believes that states only exist where there is division of labour, therefore the state comes before nationalism (Gellner, 1983). Like other scholars, Gellner believes that nationalism is a political force. Gellner also stresses the congruency of nation and politics. He does not believe one can occur without the other one. There are many criticisms to Ernest Gellners theory, including Anthony Smith saying, It misreads the relationship between nationalism and industrialization (Smith 1998). Not all of the critics view Gellners theory as a misread. Most agree that he is the father of nationalism studies and most say that his nationalism work was brilliant (University of Wales Press). One can usually relate their definition of nationalism with Ernest Gellner or Anthony Smith. Gellner stresses the importance of the political side, while Smith puts the importance on cultural. Neither are right or wrong, just a difference of opinion. Historian John Breuilly defends a more modern theory of nationalism, similar to Benedict Andersons. In reference to nationalism, he concludes, The rise of the modern state system provides the institutional context within which an ideology of nationalism is necessary (Breuilly 1985). Breuilly argues that the process of state modernization provides an important factor in understanding historical signs of nationalism (Cormier, 2001). Breuilly argues that nationalism does not have much to do with ethnicity or ethnic background, but rather more to do with political motivation. Breuilly is not the first scholar who believed that ethnic background had nothing to do with nationalism. In fact, Breuillys definition relates well to Gellners in the sense that they both argue in favor of political motivation. Nationalists are seen to create their own ideology out of their own subjective sense of national culture. (Breuilly, 1982). This particular quote is quite similar to Andersons imagined polit ical community theory in that Breuilly does not support the ethnic side of nationalism nearly as much as others nationalists. Breuilly criticizes most scholars due to the fact that they believe in national culture because he believes that there is no such thing. He believes that the political component of nationalism is by far the most important. Breuilly indicates in his definition the importance of the state system; hence the political force necessary for nationalism to occur. Next, Michael Hechter defines nationalism as a, collective action designed to render the boundaries of the nation congruent with those of its governance unit (Hechter, 2000). He further explains, Nation and governance can be made congruent by enacting exclusive policies that limit full membership in the polity to individuals from on one more favoured nations (Hechter, 2000). Hechter stresses the importance of the correspondence of the government and the boundaries of the nation; much like Breuilly in the sense that both of them indicate that nationalism requires congruency for it to take place. In Hechters book, Containing Nationalism, he expresses his belief that the reason nationalism occurs is because of self-determination. Hechter further explains his definition and clarifies that there are two different types of nationalism. The first one is of the ideology of freedom and he gives the example of the French Revolution. The second form is xenophobic or even goes as far as genocide (Hechter). This explains where the different views of nationalism come in; civic versus ethnic or eastern versus western. Furthermore, Hechter defines the two different types of nationalism to even more specific forms of nationalism that go beyond his original definition. These definitions include: state-building nationalism, peripheral nationalism, irredentist nationalism, and unification nationalism (Hechter, 2000). Hechter doesnt argue that there are two definitions of nationalism like other scholars do, but he concludes that nationalism is specific to the means of each and every situation. In Peter Alters definition of Nationalism, he states, Nationalism is a political force which has been more important in shaping the history of Europe and the world over the last two centuries than the ideas of freedom and parliamentary democracy or, let alone, of communism (Alter, 1994). His argument is similar to John Breuilly in the sense that he agrees that there is a strong emphasis on nationalism being a political force. Alter is saying that it has everything to do with being a political movement instead of the idea of freedom. In reference to nationalism, Alter states, It can be associated with forces striving for political, social, economic and cultural emancipation, as well as with those whose goal oppression (Alter, 1994). His outlook on nationalism seems much broader than other scholars. This particular reference virtually sums up many scholars definitions together. Alter does not seem to have a specific argument on nationalism, as in civic vs. ethnic or western vs. eastern but just an acceptance that nationalism could be based on all of these arguments. Again, Alter says, It can mean emancipation, and it can mean oppressionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ dangers as well as opportunities (Alter, 1994). There is no precise argument when he tries to define nationalism even though he does have the idea that nationalism is directly related to a political force. Alter also states that nationalism was important to shaping Europe, however most scholars agree with that statement to begin with. Most modern scholars would relate to Alters style of defining nationalism. In conclusion, the definition of nationalism is not easily defined and scholars that have tried to define it differ, in some amount of detail, from each other. Each scholar seems to have his own uniqueness and input to the definition, however, these definitions tend to pertain to one certain area of nationalism. According to the eight previous scholars, there are a myriad of styles of nationalism including: political, cultural, ethnic, civic, eastern, and western. Many aspirations are desired because of nationalism, including establishment of homeland, separation, expansion, etc. Although the definition of nationalism is essentially particularistic, scholars have been able to identify a few common ideologies. Some common ground includes; most scholars agree that nationalism started after the French Revolution. They also agree that nationalism occurs because of a desire for national independence. Scholars are always doing research and finding new things which will result in new defini tions. Most of the most protrusive definitions of nationalism have come about in the last fifty or so years, so no telling what scholars might come up with in future years.

A Memorable Term Essay

In Mr. Rodriguez’s Spanish 1-2 class, we have learned so many new things and have had the amazing opportunity to gain more fluency in another language. Some of the goals we had in the beginning of the term were to learn the appropriate level of Spanish, for example more knowledge of verbs, and how to say basic conversations and greetings. We were expected to have learned everything we were taught, and the basic part of the Spanish language. Mr. Macfarland was our Spanish teacher, and his techniques were that we did our homework in homework packets, and we would sing our vocabulary, which benefited us and helped us memorize it in an easier way. When we took test, quizzes and answered questions aloud, he could judge if we were learning or not by the answers we would give, or the grades we would receive. The family project we did in Mr. Macfarland’s class was definitely the most memorable and enjoyable assignment we did. Throughout my freshman year, I didn’t do any other project that was like the family project we did in his class, and that is what made it so enjoyable. It was fun to go through old pictures, and be able to sort of introduce you’re family to your class. I did well in my Spanish class, receiving high grades on most assignments. Some of the difficulties I experienced were doing homework, because that was the only class I had homework in everyday and also book work, because it was hard to understand sometimes. I learned many new interesting things; I learned how to have a conversation in Spanish, also verbs in Spanish. Throughout this term I have improved greatly. I have gained a lot more knowledge, because in the beginning of the term the only thing I could say was hello. As for my achievements, I am so proud that I received an A in my class, because that was highly beyond my expectations. I would grade my effort about a B-, because there were a lot of times I would slack off and not do homework and my performance about a B because I sometimes talked during that class but paid attention and got serious when it was necessary. Learning Spanish can benefit me in my future because I will be able to slightly comprehend others when they are speaking Spanish, which is very important because many people speak Spanish in San Diego. Also, I will continue learning Spanish for my sophomore year. I did not have issues out of school that affect my classroom experience. Next year I would like to improve my effort, and if I continue taking Spanish in college it could help my transcript from having learned a second language. To reach my goals in the near future, I will continue taking languages because I feel it is something I need to succeed and something I enjoy doing. During this Spanish class, I have had so many amazing experiences it is beyond belief. I will never forget how comical and odd Mr. Mac was. I will also never forget how he made us sing our vocabulary because I have never been able to have fun while learning the meaning of words. Overall, I have made many memories in this Spanish 1-2 class that I will never forget.

The Great Depression Of 1930 - 1805 Words

Depression of 1930 The Great Depression of 1930 molded the American culture and the political life of our nation. Due to its pivotal role in the formation of our economic system. Today I will provide an inside depth of the Causes and Effects of the Great Depression and will focus on the results and outcomes that resulted in this event that would change the lives of many in this time period of despair and of devastation. To begin in the 1920s it was a time of prosperity in lives of many as the economy was as the term refers to â€Å"booming† which means it was thriving. Many Americans were making money from stocks and were enjoying the benefits of it by living life and living an extravagant life. Without realizing what would later happen. Since the economy phase began to change and so was the lives of many Americans who believed that this ‘’fairy tale’† would never end. In October 29 of 1929 was beginning when the stock market crashed and this day was known as Black Tuesday and marked the beginning of one of the longest and most severe depression that ever hit the U.S. When this occurred stock price fell at record levels and many began to sell their stocks in desperation. It was said than over 16 million stocks were sold at a fraction of its value and billons were lost. To initiate one of the major reasons why the Depression occurred. Was due to stock market which had finally crashed as inflation of the market had gone up and sooner or later it had to go down. With this events soShow MoreRelatedThe Great Depression Of The 1930s999 Words   |  4 PagesThe Great Depression of the 1930s is notably one of the greatest crises of American history. During this time frame the American economy collapsed in great part because of factors such as the existence of massive wealth inequality, the dust bowl that started in the Great Plains, and the rampant business speculation of the 1920’s. These factors helped turn an awful economic depression into what would be called an all-out social crisis. Bread lines and soup kitchens became a common occurrence in AmericanRead MoreThe Great Depression Of The 1930s Essay1689 Words   |  7 PagesGlobal Crisis of 2008 in Comparison to the Great Depression of the 1930s Introduction The economic crisis’ of the 1930s and 2000s greatly impacted the United Sates (U.S) and the world. The Great Depression and Global Crisis were both major economic crisis’s the originated in the United States and spread to foreign markets around the world. The Great Depression is regarded as the biggest economic downturn, due to many factors like the stock market crash. The Global Crisis on the other hand, was aRead MoreThe Great Depression Of The 1930s885 Words   |  4 Pagesabout the Great Depression of the 1930s? Give examples of the differences between the relief policies of F.D.R. and Hoover. Describe the opponents of F.D.R.’s relief policies, and how he did more to expand executive power than any other President in American history. Also take the time to explain other significant events and issues that took place in the U.S. during this time which made the depression seem even bleaker. GREAT DEPRESSION Some factors that brought about the Great Depression of the 1930sRead MoreThe Great Depression Of The 1930s925 Words   |  4 PagesThe assigned readings offered an interesting and complex view of some of the diverse groups of people who were marginalized in California during the Great Depression of the 1930s. The primary sources shared detailed information on how Mexicans, Filipinos, and White Americas experienced hostility and inequality in California. In Resistance, Radicalism, and Repression on the Oxnard Plain, Frank Barajas discusses how beet sugar growers on the Oxnard Plain cut the wages of Mexican laborers working inRead MoreThe Great Depression Of The 1930s2131 Words   |  9 PagesThe Great Depression of the 1930s undoubtedly marked a period of massive change and devastation throughout the entire nation. People of all backgrounds were plagued by destitution and insufferable living conditions, while unemployment rates had soared beginning with Black Tuesday, to the point where the public had begun to lose hope for the future. In enduring all of the instances of negative change, the people, whether of white or black heritage, whether rich or poor, had all shared one set of characteristicsRead MoreThe Great Depression Of The 1930s1844 Words   |  8 PagesIt is common knowledge that the 1930s was the time of the worst economic downturn the world has ever seen. The Great Depression, which lasted for ten years, facilitated discontent among various ethnic groups, genders and occupations. Perhaps the most significant fallout from the Wall Street Crash in 1929 was the economic migration of itinerant workers to California – the state of the Steinbeck’s birth – as a result of harsh geographical conditions in the region of the United States known as the ‘DustRead MoreThe Great Depression Of The 1930 S1476 Words   |  6 Pagesthe great depression of the 1930’s and the great recession in the United State of America. First, I’ll make a general overview of each of these two different periods and then focus on certain specific aspects during these different times. This will include the causes to the economic recessions witnessed, impacts of the economic recessions and the solutions that were introduced. When talking about any topic regarding American history, it would be hard not to mention the 1930’s great depression. AuthorsRead MoreCauses Of Great Depression Of The 1930s1173 Words   |  5 Pages Causes of the Great Depression Khalid Mohamed 500710091 DR. M. Jolly ECN 220: Evolution Of Global Economy â€Å"Analyze the causes of the Great Depression of the 1930s. Do you feel that this was caused primarily by weaknesses in the economy of the United States or by structural weaknesses in the international economy?† The Great Depression The Great Depression, was a phenomenal incident that was caused by multiple factors, it is considered one of the most tragic downfalls inRead More The Great Depression of the 1930s in Canada1305 Words   |  6 PagesThe Great Depression of the 1930s in Canada The Great Depression of the 1930s is a benchmark for all depressions and recessions in the past and in the future. In the booklet The Great Depression of the 1930s in Canada , Michiel Horn gives an intellectual dissection of the events that occurred during the Great Depression. Michiel Horns approach leaves the reader with a foul taste for the Dirty Thirties. This essay will summarize Michiel Horns key points as well as discuss the ability ofRead MoreThe Great Depression Of The 1930 S Essay762 Words   |  4 PagesJohn Maynard Keynes was the most influential economist of the 1900’s and many of his ideas were adopted by Franklin D. Roosevelt to combat the Great Depression of the 1930’s. With the passing of the economic crisis in 2008, countless articles have been published supporting Keynes and his economic thought. He investigated the origins of the Great Depression and remodeled the field of economics with a basic conclusion: economies recover from downturns by sp ending money. Keynes theorized that during

Censorship in Literature and Music Essay examples

Censorship in Literature and Music What is censorship? An encyclopedia defines censorship as the control of what people may say or hear, write or read, or see or do1. There are many reasons why people censor entertainment such as literature and music. Many governments or groups try to preserve their standards of morality by preventing people from learning about or following other standards2, commonly found in the two previously mentioned mediums. There are different ways to censor things. It can be on a local level, such as libraries refusing to carry a controversial book. It can also be on an entirely larger scale. In the 1770’s, French author Beaumarchais had two of his plays, The Barber of Seville and The Marriage of Figaro,†¦show more content†¦Alex Domokos, the author of the novel Prometheus, said this about his experiences in post World War II Hungary: In post World War II Hungary there were public libraries, but the accessibility of certain materials was screened. Books on Western literature and philosophy were carefully censored and instead of widening, they narrowed our vision.6 In 1968, the Doors single Unknown Soldier was banned from airplay at many radio stations because of its anti-war theme. With the 1950’s came the birth of rock and roll. Because of its scandalous nature, the majority of censorship cases now came from music. The first noted censorship of music in the 1950’s came when radio stations around the country banned Dottie OBriens Four or Five Times and Dean Martin’s Wham Bam, Thank You Ma’am fearing they had hidden sexual messages and references7. This incident spread to cover many artists, including The Weavers, Stephen Foster, Webb Pierce, Cole Porter, Rosemary Clooney, T-bone Walker, Little Richard, Billie Holiday, Link Wray8. Probably the most famous case of censorship in rock happened when Elvis Presley performed on The Ed Sullivan Show. Usually during Elvis’ performances, he would gyrate his hips, causing teenage girls in the audience to go into frenzies. Ed Sullivan vowed he would never put Elvis on his show. Eventually, Sullivan gave in, and Elvis appeared on the show, but under oneShow MoreRelatedThe Affect of Censorship Essay993 Words   |  4 PagesMore literature and media should be censored for the public’s eyes. Children of recent years have been subjected to crude television that isn’t properly censored and could potentially influence them to act in unacceptable manners. Censorship is the act of suppressing unacceptable parts of literature and media. It is very often that censorship is used with literature or media because many people see parts of them that are inappropriate in their perspective. When people see them, they are disgustedRead More The Censorship Debate795 Words   |  4 Pages The Censorship Debate nbsp; nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; Do words such as nigger, bitch, or ass offend you?nbsp; The answer may seem clear cut, but our nation has been struggling with the issue of censorship almost since its conception.nbsp; To many, the aforementioned words are a part of their everyday vocabulary; to others, they are vulgar and unacceptable.nbsp; The issue of censorship is much more than just words.nbsp; There have been huge controversies over the negative ideas andRead MoreCensorship Essay1325 Words   |  6 PagesCensorship â€Å"Congress shall make no law†¦prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech or of the press, or the right to petition the government for a redress of government.†(Ravitch, 118) As stated in the First Amendment of the United States Constitution, the people of this nation have the right to exercise their beliefs out loud, or in writing. With this in mind, does the government have the right to undermine the foundation of our nation, and censor what we readRead MoreCensorship of Music: Limiting One’s Rights Essay1072 Words   |  5 PagesMusic has been under scrutiny on behalf of censorship for decades. Censorship is defined as an authorization to examine material and to remove or suppress what is considered morally, politically, or otherwise objectionable. Lyrics are essential to nearly everything in music; its poems, ballads, monologues, etc. They may take the form of actual spoken or sung sounds or of written words, as literature does. Without the musical component, you’re left with literature and words; this leavesRead MoreEssay about Censorship in America1048 Words   |  5 Pages Censorship in America nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Since this country was founded, we have had a set of unalienable rights that our constitution guarantees us to as Americans. One of the most important rights that is mentioned in our constitution is the right to free speech. â€Å"Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and toRead MoreEssay Arguing the Opposition of Censorship867 Words   |  4 PagesArguing the opposition of Censorship For centuries, government nations and society have been withholding certain pieces of information from the public to ensure safety and prevent catastrophic out bursts; this detainment of public knowledge is called censoring. Censorship started in the early twentieth century, when profane literature began to surface in the wake of World War I; ever since then its been a normal part of all society. Without the use of censorship and the methods used to sustain informationRead More Censorship in art Essay715 Words   |  3 Pages Censorship in Art Censorship has existed in the United States since colonial times. In the early history of American culture censorship’s emphasis was on political statements and actions, banning literature, music and even people from being heard in this country. This leading too more closed-minded views about different cultures and society, which we are still fighting to over come in the present day. Today a better-informed America has switched their views to a more sexual content when decidingRead MoreCensorship in Art733 Words   |  3 PagesCensorship in Art Censorship has existed in the United States since colonial times. In the early history of American culture censorships emphasis was on political statements and actions, banning literature, music and even people from being heard in this country. This leading too more closed-minded views about different cultures and society, which we are still fighting to over come in the present day. Today a better-informed America has switched their views to a more sexual content when decidingRead More Censorship Essay - No Need to Censor Pornography1362 Words   |  6 Pagesconsidered pornography. The issue of violence and oppression is much deeper than pornography. Most people are not in favor of pornography; however, the public should not be in favor of censoring pornography. Freedom of speech is more logical than censorship because of the lack of a definition of pornography, individual rights and the claim that pornography causes violence against women.    First of all, in order to censor something you need to define it. One of censorships biggest supportersRead MoreCensorship is in Contradiction to Children’s Rights Essay examples819 Words   |  4 Pages Censorship has become a long standing practice within our society. Who gets to decide what American citizens say, read or view? There are organizations that review and rate, guard or block information. Governmental entities create laws enforcing censorship and place judgment against those that break those laws. These restrictions often result in conflict against them and in favor of protecting our civil rights. The practice of censorship by authoritative, policy-making entities is in conflict

The Failure Of Heart Failure - 999 Words

The human body requires a supply and demand process within itself to enable nutrients and oxygen to provide homeostasis and metabolic demands throughout each organ system. The most prominent organ effecting this process is the heart, which by using the cardiovascular system supplies every other system throughout the body with the oxygen and nutrients by pumping them throughout the blood. When the demand is not met or the supply is too great it can be considered heart failure. Understandably heart failure is a worrisome term. To think one of your most vital organs is failing and unable to provide what is needed for basic survival is terrifying. However; there are many stages of heart failure that can range from mild to severe. Therefore,†¦show more content†¦Class 2 is classified when a patient has only slight limitations of physical activity but they are comfortable at rest. Class 3 is considered when a patient has marked limitations of physical activity and is broken down into 3A which is when a patient is comfortable at rest or 3B when they have dyspnea at rest. Class 4 is when the patient has symptoms at rest, the patient is unable to perform any physical activity without having discomfort. Stage D is considered Class 4 and is end stage heart disease that requires treatment. Information obtained from Jaski, Brian E. 2015. The 4 Stages of Heart Failure Left-Sided Versus Right-Sided Heart Failure There are two main types of heart failure. Left sided heart failure and right sided heart failure. The left ventricle is the largest chamber of the heart, and is also the most common site that fails in heart failure. When the left ventricle starts to fail it allows the blood that is normally pumped out into the circulatory system to back up into the left atrium due to the weekend left ventricle not pushing all the blood out. This leads to a cascade of events that lead to a backup in the pulmonary system allowing fluid to accumulate in the lungs which in turn causes shortness of breath. Right sided heart failure is less common than left sided heart failure and is usually caused by the problems associated with left sided heart failure over time. When the rightShow MoreRelatedThe Failure Of Heart Failure1517 Words   |  7 PagesABSTRACT Heart failure is one of the leading causes of mortality, both globally and in New Zealand. It is defined as the inability of the heart to meet the bodies metabolic need for oxygen and is characterised by a decrease in cardiac output. The body has many intrinsic mechanisms to attempt to maintain cardiac output, including activating the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS). The RAAS cascade acts to restore cardiac output by increasing fluid retention, thus increasing blood volume andRead MoreHeart Failures Of Heart Failure782 Words   |  4 Pages Heart failure describes a medical condition when the heart is unable to pump sufficient blood to the body [85]. While heart failure does not mean the immediate stopping of the heart, it is a serious and fatal condition. A study has found that the 4-year mortality rate for chronic heart failure was 43% for patients with preserved systolic function, and 54% for patients with reduced systolic function [86]. Heart failure is prevalent, wi th about 2-3% of adults worldwide showing signs of heart failureRead MoreThe Failure Of Heart Failure2760 Words   |  12 PagesCongestive heart failure, also called heart failure or CHF, is one of the fastest-growing syndromes in the United States and worldwide. It is a condition with high hospitalization and high mortality rates as well as a compound medical regimen that significantly affects the patient’s lifestyle and that of their family. The term alone, â€Å"heart failure†, is enough to scare the bravest client and cause the rise of numberless concerns and questions. Patients may worry and exclaim, â€Å"Did my heart stop workingRead MoreFailure Of Congestive Heart Failure1262 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Almost every one in the United States knows a person suffering from congestive heart failure. This disease has manifested its way into the lives of so many—the statistics are astounding. According to the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, nearly 5 million people are affected and it is the main reason for hospital admission in older adults over the age of 65. This is a great cause for concern. In order to reduce the morbidity and control this epidemic, we must first understandRead MoreFailure Of Congestive Heart Failure1149 Words   |  5 Pages Introduction Congestive Heart Failure is the Inability of the heart to maintain the demands of pumping blood with normal efficiency to other organs, such as the brain, liver, and kidneys (Congestive heart failure, 2008). Without the heart carrying out its functions, all the organs in the body would be deprived of sufficient blood to do its work, the kidney will no longer filter its blood leading to fluid accumulation in areas such as the lungs, liver, legs, and surrounding eye, when thisRead MoreThe Heart Of Heart Failure1167 Words   |  5 PagesAmericans have been diagnosed with heart failure† (Mancini Colombo, 2015, p. 2542). Heart failure is a condition where the heart does not pump as efficiently; therefore, it does not meet the needs of the body. There is a growing number of heart failure patients each year. â€Å"More than 300,000 deaths per year are attributed to heart failure, and the annual cost to manage these patients is close to $40 billion† (Mancini Colombo, 201 5, p. 2542). Since the heart failure population is steadily growingRead MoreCongestive Heart Failure And Failure1389 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Congestive heart failure (CHF), also called chronic heart failure or congestive cardiac failure (CCF) is a clinical condition where heart muscle is weakened and cannot pump the blood as well as the normal heart. The ventricle, also known as main pumping chamber of the heart become larger or thicker which leads to inability to contract or relax as it should. â€Å"There is no universally agreed definition of heart failure (Denolin et al., 1983). It is the consequence of cardiac disease, diagnosisRead MoreFailure Of Congestive Heart Failure2459 Words   |  10 Pagesincreasing frequently (Drug Store News, 1997). Congestive heart failure tends to be more common in the elderly, men, and also African Americans. Congestive heart failure has become the most common cause for current hospital admissions. Among causing prolonged hospital stays congestive heart failure has a very high mortality rate, which has declined since recent medical advancements. So what is congestive heart failure? A simple definition is the heart s inability to pump blood to the rest of the bodyRead MoreFailure And Treatment Of Heart Failure2085 Words   |  9 PagesAbstract: Heart failure affects over 5 million people and carries a high rate of mortality. Ivabradine, a new agent has been added to the current medical options for managing heart failure. It is a selective inhibitor of sino-atrial node and slows its firing rate, prolonging diastolic depolarization without any negative inotropic effects. In 2006, BEAUTIFUL trial evaluated patients with stable coronary artery disease and heart failure and found a significant reduction of coronary events, coronaryRead MoreThe Failure Of Congestive Heart Failure1090 Words   |  5 PagesCongestive heart failure is a chronic condition that is responsible for the highest number of hospitalizations among adults. Readmission rates after hospitalization also remain high, with 50% of patients being readmitted within 6 months of discharge. (Desai Stevenson, 2012). The Affordable Care Act penalizes hospitals with readmissions within 30 days after discharge, making readmissions a focus of hospitals nationwide. Several factors including discharge planning, patient education, diet restrictions

Moral hazards in financial system Free Essays

Loans and the Housing Bubble Burst A moral hazard in economics is where someone takes a risk that they wouldn’t normally take because they know that the consequences of that risk not paying off will be paid by somebody else. The case we will be discussing will be the housing bubble burst and it relates to the topic because lenders took great risks lending money to people that could not afford it knowing their banks were too big to fail and he government would have to bail them out. To begin this case we must first give a brief summary. We will write a custom essay sample on Moral hazards in financial system or any similar topic only for you Order Now After the dot. Com bubble burst of 2000 and the attacks on the US on September 11 the US economy was at a great risk of going into a recession. Central banks around the world including our federal reserve tried to stimulate the economy by reducing interest rates. This made a lot of people see the opportunity to make money and they started taking on riskier investments like for example buying houses that they knew they couldn’t afford hoping to flip it in a couple of years and make a great deal of money. Lenders saw this as an opportunity to make money as well by lending all this money but they did It with high risk approving people with supreme credit that would normally never get approved for these loans. Consumers kept this trend going and every year more and more supreme mortgages were being Initiated until 2006 when the housing bubble anally burst. The result was more foreclosures per year than had ever been seen before in the US and many lenders and hedge funds having to declare bankruptcy or need government ball outs. Moral hazards in financial system By caricaturing this as an opportunity to make money as well by lending all this money but they did it more supreme mortgages were being initiated until 2006 when the housing bubble need government bail outs. How to cite Moral hazards in financial system, Papers

Managing People - Systems and Culture

Question: Discuss about the Managing for People, Systems and Culture. Answer: Introduction Qantas is a well-recognized airline across the globe. With its huge success stories there are several associated stories which demonstrate the issues, conflicts and failure in resolving the grievances. The major ups and downs started taking place rapidly after the 70 years of great success of the airlines. The issues generally took place in relatively all the major functioning units of the airways such as incorporation of ethics, leadership, change management, human resource management, quality perspectives, strategic planning, decision making approaches, industrial disputes, building innovation, enhancing capabilities and brand maintenance (Qantas, 2015). Issues and industrial conflicts at Qantas The major issues which took place at Qantas were because of the establishment of AFAP i.e. Australian Federation of Air Pilots which has empowered the pilots to leave Qantas and work for other international airlines. There took place the privatization of the airlines in the year 1993 which impact Qantas by selling of a share of 25 percent to the British Airways. The situation which impacts Qantas in a catastrophic and disastrous manner was the collapse of Allco in the year 2008 because of the global financial and economic crisis (Mules, 2013). As a result of these crisis there took place several management changes in the airlines which have given rise to enormous management and labor issues. Qantas invested in an Asian-based airline which had shaken the two major unions i.e. the Australian and International Pilots Association and Australian Licensed Aircraft Engineers Association. It was stated by the airlines that these two associations are developing barricades in the path of growth and innovation as they are continuing with the old practices and demands much higher perks and pays for those services. There were various industrial actions which took against Qantas in order to protect the rights of the pilots. The issue between the unions and the airline keeps on snowballing and the situation was worsening (Creedy, 2011). The situation took a deteriorate condition when in reaction to the industrial action the airline has keep on halt of all the international and the domestic flight for two days which was a decision of the CEO of the airlines Alan Joyce. And this was an underwhelming decision which was opposed by the workers, employees and even by the passengers. The one more issue was the job cut offs as the airlines declared that it will cut off 500 jobs for reducing the cots but when the actual decision took place the results were that 2800 jobs were cut off which was approximately ten percent of the overall population (Taylor, 2016). And this creates extreme managerial issues in the airlines. There were increased ethical, managerial, decision making issues which were rising rapidly and thus the airline was suffering from losses and other conflicts for continuous years (ABC, 2011). It was analyzed that there were various other airlines except Qantas who were major players in the airways industry but they were not such extreme industrial conflicts which took place at those airlines in comparison with Qantas and this was majorly because of the ineffective ways of resolving the conflicts as well as the authoritarian rule which governs the airlines. In the year 2011 when there were grounding of the operations of the flights for two days and this decision was the aftermath effect of the industrial actions taken against the airlines by thE union association. It was found that this decision was an unethical decision by the airlines as without any prior information the airline halt its operation because of which thousands of its passengers had to suffer a lot and this action was regarded as an escalation in the commitment made by the airlines to provide peaceful and delighted services to the customers. It was also analyzed that Alan Joyce was found to be an individual decision maker who does not concern with the management authorities for any change and individual took major decisions such as grounding of the airlines. This was a major management issue prevailing in the airlines (Daily mail, 2014). From the case there were reflections of the SWOT analysis of the airlines as its innovativeness, wages to the staff, improved customer services were the biggest strengths of the airlines whereas the management issues, industrial conflicts, authoritarian rules, sudden decision making were the weaknesses which had made the airline suffer a lot. There were various opportunities and threats also which were discovered by the case study such as the airline has opportunities to have various more flights to cover the untapped regions and the threats were the industrial actions against the airlines and the increasing competition in the aviation industry (Taylor, 2016). The case study shows that there are transformational changes which is very much evident in the case study of Qantas as there is a need that only authoritarian decision making should not be there in any company there is a need that there must be transformations in the functioning but with a proper analysis of the needs of the employees and other associated members. Alan Joyce has been analyzed as a transactional leader as similar to a transactional leader Alan Joyce also promote compliance by the employees or the workers by both ways that is the punishments and the rewards. It has been identified when at the response of the industrial actions Alan Joyce suddenly took action of grounding of airline and decisions regarding cutting off the jobs of various workers (CAPA, 2014). The decision of grounding of flight was completely an unethical decision making as it was first an individual decision making which has no involvement of the management authorities, employees or other associates. It was recognized as unethical because there was no prior information regarding the decision and the decision have made problematic for the passengers as the flights were cancelled and the major sufferers were the passengers only (Smith and Howard, 2012). There are various strategies and solution which can be recommended to the airlines which can improve the services and management of the airways as well as also help in resolving the conflicts taking place at the airlines. The airlines must firstly have an integrated approach in the decision making. The integrated approach means when there are taken opinions and viewpoints of all the respective authorities and associated members which might get impacted with that decision such as there must be involvement of the workers, management authorities whenever any sort of decision has to be taken in the company (Sangkuhl and Elfriede, 2016). The next recommendation is to have greater employee engagement, which emphasizes on having better plans and programs which can increase the engagement and involvement of the employees so that the needs and requirements of the workers can also be accomplished while achieving the organizational goals. Thirdly instead of the negative responses over the vario us opposition from third parties the airline must have an optimistic approach in dealing with the situation such as have corporate conferences to have a settlement rather than harsh and unethical decisions like grounding of the flights. There is also a need that the operations undertaken must be in compliance with the various laws and regulations such as labor laws, international business rules etc (Ashurst Australia, 2012). The airlines must have a strategy of correct regulation balance which focuses upon have adequate changes in the functioning, operations and management as there must be relevance with previous set standards and policies so that the new regulation dos not hamper the working in a negative manner so the correct regulation balance is required to maintain within the airlines. Another proposed strategy is the airlines must have a balanced approach to conflicts which emphasize on resolving the workplace conflicts in the most possible constructive manner. As when the conflicts are resolved with a negative an d an un-balanced approach there are chances that negative outcomes will arise and the conflict will also not get resolved whereas with a balanced approach there are significant chances that people will get influenced and support the decision and the conflict will be resolved with no other subsequent issues (Forsyth, n.d.). Conclusion Every organization or business entity has some or the other issues in its business lifecycle but the most significant need is that the issues and conflicts must be identified with a forecasting approach so that plans can be prepared to deal with the situations as well a constructive approach is the vital element to have sustainability in the business and to have outcomes. Thus from the case study of Qantas there are various lessons which can be learned that how the management issues and conflicts can converted into a big picture if not resolved appropriately as well as the need of ethical decision making is a must to have smooth business operations. References ABC, 2011. Qantas grounds entire fleet, Accessed on: 3rd November, 2016, Accessed from: https://www.abc.net.au/news/2011-10-29/qantas-locking-out-staff/3608250 Ashurst Australia, 2012. Outcome in the long-running Qantas dispute with the Transport Workers Union, Pp.4. Accessed on: 3rd November, 2016, Accessed from: https://www.google.co.in/url?sa=trct=jq=esrc=ssource=webcd=2ved=0ahUKEwj63NSMvI7QAhUJOY8KHdnzAlMQFggjMAEurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ashurst.com%2Fdoc.aspx%3Fid_Content%3D8113usg=AFQjCNHTb_I0a4682GyUT7CJzShsZuFMmwcad=rja CAPA, 2014. Qantas responds to deterioration: cuts 5,000 jobs 50 aircraft but changes are overdue, Accessed on: 3rd November, 2016, Accessed from: https://centreforaviation.com/analysis/qantas-responds-to-deterioration-cuts-5000-jobs--50-aircraft--but-changes-are-over-due-154979 Creedy S., 2011. Qantas grounds all flights over pay disputes with unions, Accessed on: 3rd November, 2016, Accessed from: https://www.theaustralian.com.au/business/aviation/qantas-grounds-all-flights/story-e6frg95x-1226180313383 Daily mail, 2014. Australia's Qantas Airlines named safest air carrier in the world after going more than 60 years without a fatal crash, Accessed on: 3rd November, 2016, Accessed from: https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2536797/Australias-Qantas-Airlines-named-safest-air-carrier-world-going-60-years-without-fatal-crash.html Forsyth, A., n.d. The evolving pluralistic approach to employee representation at the enterprise in Australia, Pp.19. Accessed on: 3rd November, 2016, Accessed from: https://www.jil.go.jp/english/reports/documents/jilpt-reports/no.11_australia.pdf Mules, R., 2013. Workplace Disputes: The Qantas Disputes And The Toll/Coles Dispute, Pp.8. Accessed on: 3rd November, 2016, Accessed from: https://moodle.plc.nsw.edu.au/pluginfile.php/6370/mod_page/content/20/Vol%2024%20No%204.pdf Qantas, 2015. A Strong, Sustainable Future, Qantas Annual Review 2015, Accessed on: 3rd November, 2016, Accessed from: https://qantas2015.reportonline.com.au/system/files_force/downloads/full_qantas_annual_report_2015-1.pdf?download=2 Sangkuhl and Elfriede, 2016. The Fair Work Australia Decision on Qantas: Entrenching the Imbalance of Power between Employees and Employers? ACADEMIC JOURNAL ARTICLE University of Western Sydney Law Review, Accessed on: 3rd November, 2016, Accessed from: https://www.questia.com/library/journal/1G1-290622526/the-fair-work-australia-decision-on-qantas-entrenching Smith G. and Howard, L., 2012. Stuck In the Terminal With The Gates Firmly Shut: Suspension And Termination Of Industrial Action After Qantas, Pp.16. Accessed on: 3rd November, 2016, Accessed from: https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/DICTUMVicLawSJl/2012/6.pdf Taylor, E., 2016. Qantas slashes 5,000 jobs as it posts A$252m H1 loss, Accessed on: 3rd November, 2016, Accessed from: https://web.archive.org/web/20140227120533/https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/qantas-slashes-5000-jobs-as-it-posts-a252m-h1-loss-396383/